The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS). The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester bond to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions.

similar to adenylation domain of cytotrienin synthetase CytC1. This family of the adenylation (A) domain of nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) includes Streptomyces sp. cytotrienin synthetase (CytC1), a relatively promiscuous adenylation enzyme that installs the aminoacyl moieties on the phosphopantetheinyl arm of the holo carrier protein CytC2. Also included are Streptomyces sp Thr1, involved in the biosynthesis of 4-chlorothreonine, Pseudomonas aeruginosa pyoverdine synthetase D (PvdD), involved in the biosynthesis of the siderophore pyoverdine and Pseudomonas syringae syringopeptin synthetase, where syringpeptin is a necrosis-inducing phytotoxin that functions as a virulence determinant in the plant-pathogen interaction. The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester bond to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions.

bacitracin synthetase and related proteins. This family of the adenylation (A) domain of nonribosomal peptide synthases (NRPS) includes bacitracin synthetases 1, 2, and 3 (BA1, also known as ATP-dependent cysteine adenylase or cysteine activase, BA2, also known as ATP-dependent lysine adenylase or lysine activase, and BA3, also known as ATP-dependent isoleucine adenylase or isoleucine activase) in Bacilli. Bacitracin is a mixture of related cyclic peptides used as a polypeptide antibiotic. This family also includes gramicidin synthetase 1 involved in synthesis of the cyclic peptide antibiotic gramicidin S via activation of phenylalanine. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions.

peptide synthase; Provisional

The adenylation domain of nonribosomal peptide synthetases (NRPS), including Bacillus subtilis termination module Surfactin (SrfA-C). The adenylation (A) domain of NRPS recognizes a specific amino acid or hydroxy acid and activates it as an (amino) acyl adenylate by hydrolysis of ATP. The activated acyl moiety then forms a thioester to the enzyme-bound cofactor phosphopantetheine of a peptidyl carrier protein domain. NRPSs are large multifunctional enzymes which synthesize many therapeutically useful peptides in bacteria and fungi via a template-directed, nucleic acid independent nonribosomal mechanism. These natural products include antibiotics, immunosuppressants, plant and animal toxins, and enzyme inhibitors. NRPS has a distinct modular structure in which each module is responsible for the recognition, activation, and, in some cases, modification of a single amino acid residue of the final peptide product. The modules can be subdivided into domains that catalyze specific biochemical reactions. This family includes the adenylation domain of the Bacillus subtilis termination module (Surfactin domain, SrfA-C) which recognizes a specific amino acid building block, which is then activated and transferred to the terminal thiol of the 4'-phosphopantetheine (Ppan) arm of the downstream peptidyl carrier protein (PCP) domain.

Crystalstructure of dimodular LgrA in a condensation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis],6MFZ_B Crystal structure of dimodular LgrA in a condensation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis]

PhenylalanineActivating Domain Of Gramicidin Synthetase 1 In A Complex With Amp And Phenylalanine [Brevibacillus brevis],1AMU_B Phenylalanine Activating Domain Of Gramicidin Synthetase 1 In A Complex With Amp And Phenylalanine [Brevibacillus brevis]

Structureof surfactin A synthetase C (SrfA-C), a nonribosomal peptide synthetase termination module [Bacillus subtilis]

Crystalstructure of the initiation module of LgrA in the 'open' and 'closed ' adenylation states [Brevibacillus parabrevis],5ES5_B Crystal structure of the initiation module of LgrA in the 'open' and 'closed ' adenylation states [Brevibacillus parabrevis],5ES8_A Crystal structure of the initiation module of LgrA in the thiolation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis],5ES8_B Crystal structure of the initiation module of LgrA in the thiolation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis],5ES9_A Crystal structure of the LgrA initiation module in the formylation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis],5ES9_B Crystal structure of the LgrA initiation module in the formylation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis]

Crystalstructure of a 4-domain construct of LgrA in the substrate donation state [Brevibacillus parabrevis]

Plipastatin synthase subunit B OS=Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) OX=224308 GN=ppsB PE=1 SV=1

Surfactin synthase subunit 1 OS=Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) OX=224308 GN=srfAA PE=1 SV=4

Gramicidin S synthase 2 OS=Brevibacillus brevis OX=1393 GN=grsB PE=1 SV=2

Gramicidin S synthase 2 OS=Aneurinibacillus migulanus OX=47500 GN=grsB PE=3 SV=2

Plipastatin synthase subunit A OS=Bacillus subtilis (strain 168) OX=224308 GN=ppsA PE=1 SV=2