Acetyl-CoA synthetase (also known as acetate-CoA ligase and acetyl-activating enzyme). Acetyl-CoA synthetase (ACS, EC 6.2.1.1, acetate#CoA ligase or acetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)) catalyzes the formation of acetyl-CoA from acetate, CoA, and ATP. Synthesis of acetyl-CoA is carried out in a two-step reaction. In the first step, the enzyme catalyzes the synthesis of acetyl-AMP intermediate from acetate and ATP. In the second step, acetyl-AMP reacts with CoA to produce acetyl-CoA. This enzyme is widely present in all living organisms. The activity of this enzyme is crucial for maintaining the required levels of acetyl-CoA, a key intermediate in many important biosynthetic and catabolic processes. Acetyl-CoA is used in the biosynthesis of glucose, fatty acids, and cholesterol. It can also be used in the production of energy in the citric acid cycle. Eukaryotes typically have two isoforms of acetyl-CoA synthetase, a cytosolic form involved in biosynthetic processes and a mitochondrial form primarily involved in energy generation.

Uncharacterized acyl-CoA synthetase subfamily similar to Acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase. This uncharacterized acyl-CoA synthetase family (EC 6.2.1.16, or acetoacetate#CoA ligase or acetoacetate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming)) is highly homologous to acetoacetyl-CoA synthetase. However, the proteins in this family exist in only bacteria and archaea. AACS is a cytosolic ligase that specifically activates acetoacetate to its coenzyme A ester by a two-step reaction. Acetoacetate first reacts with ATP to form an acyl-adenylate intermediate, which then reacts with CoA to produce an acyl-CoA ester. This is the first step of the mevalonate pathway of isoprenoid biosynthesis via isopentenyl diphosphate. Isoprenoids are a large class of compounds found in all living organisms.

Propionyl-CoA synthetase (PrpE). EC 6.2.1.17: propanoate:CoA ligase (AMP-forming) or propionate#CoA ligase (PrpE) catalyzes the first step of the 2-methylcitric acid cycle for propionate catabolism. It activates propionate to propionyl-CoA in a two-step reaction, which proceeds through a propionyl-AMP intermediate and requires ATP and Mg2+. In Salmonella enterica, the PrpE protein is required for growth of Salmonella enterica on propionate and can substitute for the acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) enzyme during growth on acetate. PrpE can also activate acetate, 3HP, and butyrate to their corresponding CoA-thioesters, although with less efficiency.

acetate-CoA ligase

Acyl-coenzyme A synthetase/AMP-(fatty) acid ligase [Lipid transport and metabolism].

ChainA, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium],2P2Q_B Chain B, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium]

ChainA, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium],2P2J_B Chain B, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium]

ChainA, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium],2P2M_B Chain B, Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium]

ChainA, acetyl-CoA synthetase [Salmonella enterica],1PG3_B Chain B, acetyl-CoA synthetase [Salmonella enterica],1PG4_A Chain A, acetyl-CoA synthetase [Salmonella enterica],1PG4_B Chain B, acetyl-CoA synthetase [Salmonella enterica]

Crystalstructure of Salmonella enterica acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) in complex with cAMP and Coenzyme A [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2],5JRH_B Crystal structure of Salmonella enterica acetyl-CoA synthetase (Acs) in complex with cAMP and Coenzyme A [Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhimurium str. LT2]

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase OS=Photorhabdus laumondii subsp. laumondii (strain DSM 15139 / CIP 105565 / TT01) OX=243265 GN=acs PE=3 SV=1

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase OS=Yersinia pestis OX=632 GN=acs PE=3 SV=2

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase OS=Vibrio parahaemolyticus serotype O3:K6 (strain RIMD 2210633) OX=223926 GN=acsA PE=3 SV=1

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase OS=Vibrio vulnificus (strain YJ016) OX=196600 GN=acsA PE=3 SV=2

Acetyl-coenzyme A synthetase OS=Vibrio vulnificus (strain CMCP6) OX=216895 GN=acsA PE=3 SV=1