AtlA is an autolysin found in Gram-positive lactic acid bacteria that degrades bacterial cell walls by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. This family includes the AtlA and Aml autolysins from Streptococcus mutans which have a C-terminal glycosyl hydrolase family 25 (GH25) catalytic domain as well as six tandem N-terminal repeats of the GBS (group B Streptococcus) Bsp-like peptidoglycan-binding domain. Other members of this family have one or more C-terminal peptidoglycan-binding domain(s) (SH3 or LysM) in addition to the GH25 domain.

Glycosyl hydrolases family 25.

Endo-N-acetylmuramidases (muramidases) are lysozymes (also referred to as peptidoglycan hydrolases) that degrade bacterial cell walls by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues. This family of muramidases contains a glycosyl hydrolase family 25 (GH25) catalytic domain and is found in bacteria, fungi, slime molds, round worms, protozoans and bacteriophages. The bacteriophage members are referred to as endolysins which are involved in lysing the host cell at the end of the replication cycle to allow release of mature phage particles. Endolysins are typically modular enzymes consisting of a catalytically active domain that hydrolyzes the peptidoglycan cell wall and a cell wall-binding domain that anchors the protein to the cell wall. Endolysins generally have narrow substrate specificities with either intra-species or intra-genus bacteriolytic activity.

Cpl-1 lysin (also known as Cpl-9 lysozyme / muramidase) is a bacterial cell wall endolysin encoded by the pneumococcal bacteriophage Cp-1, which cleaves the glycosidic N-acetylmuramoyl-(beta1,4)-N-acetylglucosamine bonds of the pneumococcal glycan chain, thus acting as an enzymatic antimicrobial agent (an enzybiotic) against streptococcal infections. Cpl-1 belongs to the CP family of lysozymes (CPL lysozymes) which includes the Cpl-7 lysin. Cpl-1 has a glycosyl hydrolase family 25 (GH25) catalytic domain with an irregular (beta/alpha)5-beta3 barrel and a C-terminal cell wall-anchoring module formed by six similar choline-binding repeats (ChBr's). The ChBr's facilitate the anchoring of Cpl-1 to the choline-containing teichoic acid of the pneumococcal cell wall. Other members of this domain family have an N-terminal CHAP (cysteine, histidine-dependent amidohydrolases/peptidases) domain similar to that of the firmicute CHAP lysins and associated with endopeptidase activity. The Cpl-7 lysin is also included here as is LysB of Lactococcus phage, and the Mur lysin of Lactobacillus phage.

Lyc muramidase is an autolytic lysozyme (autolysin) from Clostridium acetobutylicum encoded by the lyc gene. Lyc has a glycosyl hydrolase family 25 (GH25) catalytic domain. Endo-N-acetylmuramidases are lysozymes (also referred to as peptidoglycan hydrolases) that degrade bacterial cell walls by catalyzing the hydrolysis of 1,4-beta-linkages between N-acetylmuramic acid and N-acetyl-D-glucosamine residues.

X-raystructure of catalytic domain of endolysin from clostridium perfringens phage phiSM101 [Clostridium phage phiSM101]

X-raystructure of endolysin from clostridium perfringens phage phiSM101 [Clostridium phage phiSM101],4KRT_B X-ray structure of endolysin from clostridium perfringens phage phiSM101 [Clostridium phage phiSM101]